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Latvia (/'lætvi?/&_160;(help·info); Latvian Latvija, officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian Latvijas Republika) is a country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), and to the east both by Belarus (141 km) and the Russian Federation (276 km).[3] Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers 64,589 km² and has a temperate seasonal climate. The Latvians are a Baltic people closely related to the Lithuanians, with the Latvian language having many similarities with Lithuanian. Today the Latvians and Lithuanians are the only surviving members of the Baltic peoples and Baltic languages of the Indo-European family. The modern name of Latvia is thought to originate from the ancient Latvian name Latvji, which may have originated from the river named Latva or Latuva, which may be today's Lates upe.[4] Latvia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into 26 districts. The capital and largest city is Riga. Latvia has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, of the European Union since 1 May 2004 and of NATO since 29 March 2004. The territory of Latvia has been populated since 9000 BC, with the proto-Baltic ancestors of the Latvian people settling on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea around the beginning of the third millennium BC (3000 BC).[5] By 900 AD, four Baltic tribal cultures had developed Couronians, Latgallians, Selonians, Semigallians (in Latvian kurši, latgali, seli and zemgali), as well as the Livonians (libieši) speaking a Finno-Ugric language.
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